Iron deficiency can occur with or without anaemia and can have several possible causes. Appropriate assessment is important before deciding on management.

What is iron deficiency?

Iron is required for normal body functions, including the production of haemoglobin. Iron deficiency occurs when available iron is insufficient for the body’s needs. Anaemia may develop when haemoglobin is also reduced.

Possible symptoms

Symptoms can include tiredness, weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, shortness of breath, headaches or difficulty concentrating. These symptoms are not specific to iron deficiency and can occur with other conditions.

Why might iron levels be low?

Possible causes include reduced intake, increased requirements, reduced absorption or blood loss. The relevant causes vary between individuals and may require further investigation.

How is it assessed?

A GP may consider symptoms, medical history, dietary factors, current medicines, examination findings and blood-test results. Further investigation may be recommended to clarify the cause or assess another condition.

Discussing management

Management depends on the investigation results, likely cause, severity, other health conditions, previous management and individual circumstances. Your GP can explain the options that may be appropriate, including potential benefits, limitations and risks.

Follow-up

Follow-up may be recommended to review symptoms, investigation results and the agreed management plan. Where an underlying cause is identified or suspected, further assessment, monitoring or referral may be required.